Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- European drug policies in context -- European drug policies in historical context -- European powers in international drug policy -- European Union drug policy -- Diversity of European domestic drug policies -- Convergence of European drug policies -- Purpose
and structure of the book -- References -- PART I: Regional dimensions of European drug policies -- 1. The politics of expertise and EU drug policy -- The EU and drugs: policy, but not as we know it -- Experts, drugs and European policy: a long view -- Epistemic communities: a brief outline -- Contemporary patterns: back to the future? -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. Pathways to integration of European drug policy -- Introduction -- Policy integration and the European Union -- Integration and drug policy -- Pathways to integration -- Conclusion -- References -- 3. The soft power of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction -- Introduction -- EMCDDA: independence under control -- Providing expertise: between political constraints and the demands of science -- Conclusion -- References -- PART II: Domestic drug policies in Europe -- 4. Belgian drug policy -- Introduction -- Belgian drug regulation at the beginning of the twentieth century: A course clearly dictated by international law -- The gradual construction of a social problématique related to drug consumption -- Security as a factor of criminalisation and as resistance to the decriminalisation of behaviours surrounding drug use -- Health policies, from a security perspective, in the shadow of the criminal justice system -- Conclusion -- References -- 5. Danish drug policy -- Danish drug policy before the welfare stateDrug misuse as a social and criminological problem -- Youth drugs and the welfare state: a normal social problem -- Policy responses to the new drug problem -- Methadone, the 'old drug abuser', and the introduction of harm reduction in Denmark -- Medicalisation of drug treatment -- Criminalisation of drug users -- Harm reduction -- Sick and deviant drug users -- Conclusion -- References -- 6. French drug policy -- Introduction -- History of drug law and national policy framework -- Policy discussions and drug reform initiatives -- Conclusion -- References -- 7. German drug policy -- Introduction -- History of German drug policy -- Present legal framework -- Drivers of change and conservative forces in current policy -- How can drug policy be explained? Modernity's deep unconscious fear of intoxication -- References -- 8. Italian drug policy -- The origins of drug legislation and the shift to prohibition -- From the 1970s to the 1990s: the mild approach versus the moral model -- Criminalisation versus treatment? The ambiguities of the social solidarity approach -- The victimisation of the drug addict -- The introduction of harm reduction -- After the referendum (1993-2006): lessons learnt from the decriminalisation experience -- The second punitive shift (2006-2014) -- Drug policy reformers break the stalemate? -- References -- 9. Drug policy in the Netherlands -- Introduction -- History and legal framework of Dutch drug policy -- Recent Dutch drug policy (1995-present): continuity and change -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 10. Polish drug policy -- Introduction -- Drug use in Poland -- Drug policy setting institutions and expenditures -- Polish drug legislation -- Shaping Poland's current drug policy -- References -- 11. Portuguese drug policy -- Introduction -- History of drug law and policy -- Existing legal framework
Drivers of change -- Conclusion -- References -- 12. Spanish drug policy -- History -- Current framework regarding drug consumption, possession and trafficking -- References -- 13. Swedish drug policy -- Framing the problem -- Drug policy design -- Treatment of drug users -- Harm reduction programmes -- Discussion -- References -- 14. Swiss drug policy -- A drug policy like any other: 1920-1975 -- The building up of a drugs crisis: 1975-1985 -- Drug policy change: 1985-1995 -- The (incomplete) institutionalisation of the new policy: 1995-2005 -- Institutionalisation at last and the ongoing cannabis debate: 2005-present -- Understanding Switzerland's drug policy change -- References -- 15. Drug policy in the United Kingdom -- Introduction -- Twentieth-century history of drug law and policy -- Trends in drug use -- Legal framework, sentencing and policing practices -- Drivers of continuity and change -- Indicators of policy success and failure -- Conclusion -- References -- PART III: Trends and prospects in European drug policies -- 16. Changing paradigms in drug policies in EU Member States: from digression to convergence -- Introduction -- Approach -- Three key convergence trends -- The process: convergence of policies -- The content: changing paradigms -- Key contextual factors -- Stakeholders -- Conclusions -- References -- 17. The changing face of harm reduction in Europe -- Introduction -- The pioneer years -- Mainstreaming and scaling up -- Consolidation and diversification -- Challenges for the future -- Conclusion -- References -- 18. Legal responses to drug possession in Europe: from crime to public health -- Introduction -- Reducing the criminal justice approach -- The public health approach -- From criminal justice to public health: the different journeys -- New psychoactive substances and new responses? -- Discussion -- References
19. Cannabis social clubs in Europe: prospects and limits -- Introduction -- CSCs in Europe and elsewhere: different contexts and practices -- Unclear legal status of the CSCs -- CSCs as an alternative model for supply -- Cannabis social clubs: prospects and limits -- Concluding reflections -- References -- Index
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