دانلود کتاب خارجی - دانلود رایگان کتاب لاتین PDF علمی

تعداد نتایج: 2197

By Alberto Ciferri
Publisher: CRC Press, 2005-04-26
Pages: 778
Language: en
ISBN_13:9781420027921
ISBN_10:1420027921
Subject: Science

Chemistry of Discotic Liquid Crystals

From Monomers to Polymers

جزئیات و درخواست

By Sandeep Kumar
Publisher: CRC Press, 2016-04-19
Pages: 593
Language: en
ISBN_13:9781040196083
ISBN_10:104019608X
Subject: Science

Biochemistry of Cell Membranes

A Compendium of Selected Topics

جزئیات و درخواست

By S. Papa, J.M. Tager
Publisher: Birkhäuser, 2012-12-06
Pages: 362
Language: en
ISBN_13:9783034890571
ISBN_10:3034890575
Subject: Science

Metabolomics

A Powerful Tool in Systems Biology

جزئیات و درخواست

By Jens Nielsen, Michael C. Jewett
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2007-09-19
Pages: 292
Language: en
ISBN_13:9783540747192
ISBN_10:3540747192
Subject: Science

Cumulated Index Medicus

Free Epub

جزئیات و درخواست

1998
Pages: 1646
Language: en
OTHER:MINN:31951D01498942H
Subject: Medicine

Handbook of Liquid Crystals, 8 Volume Set

جزئیات و درخواست

By John W. Goodby, Peter J. Collings, Takashi Kato, Carsten Tschierske, Helen Gleeson
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, 2014-04-14
Pages: 5240
Language: en
ISBN_13:9783527327737
ISBN_10:3527327738
Subject: Technology & Engineering

Index Medicus

Free Epub

جزئیات و درخواست

2004
Pages: 1930
Language: en
OTHER:MINN:31951P009925597
Subject: Medicine

The Liver

Biology and Pathobiology

جزئیات و درخواست

By Irwin M. Arias, Allan W. Wolkoff, James L. Boyer, David A. Shafritz, Nelson Fausto
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, 2011-08-24
Pages: 2022
Language: en
ISBN_13:9781119964223
ISBN_10:1119964229
Subject: Medical

Yeast Stress Responses

جزئیات و درخواست

By Stefan Hohmann, Willem H. Mager
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2007-10-23
Pages: 398
Language: en
ISBN_13:9783540456117
ISBN_10:3540456112
Subject: Science

Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands 2002

Selected Papers from the Thirteenth CLIN Meeting

جزئیات و درخواست

Publisher: BRILL, 2016-08-09
Pages: 163
Language: en
ISBN_13:9789004334441
ISBN_10:9004334440
Subject: Language Arts & Disciplines

Signal Transduction

Prokaryotic and Simple Eukaryotic Systems

جزئیات و درخواست

By Bozzano G Luisa
Publisher: Academic Press, 2012-12-02
Pages: 480
Language: en
ISBN_13:9780323139120
ISBN_10:0323139124
Subject: Science

Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies

6th International Joint Conference, BIOSTEC 2013, Barcelona,...

جزئیات و درخواست

By Mireya Fernández-Chimeno, Pedro L. Fernandes, Sergio Alvarez, Deborah Stacey, Jordi Solé-Casals
Publisher: Springer, 2014-11-01
Pages: 442
Language: en
ISBN_13:9783662444856
ISBN_10:3662444852
Subject: Medical

Language Standardization and Language Change

The Dynamics of Cape Dutch

جزئیات و درخواست

By Ana Deumert
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing, 2004-01-01
Pages: 392
Language: en
ISBN_10:9027218579
ISBN_13:9789027218575
Subject: Language Arts & Disciplines

MicroRNAs: Key Regulators of Oncogenesis

جزئیات و درخواست

By Sadegh Babashah
Publisher: Springer, 2014-07-08
Pages: 449
Language: en
ISBN_13:9783319037257
ISBN_10:3319037250
Subject: Medical

Molecular Low Dimensional and Nanostructured Materials for Advanced Applications

جزئیات و درخواست

By A. Graja, B.R. Bulka, F. Kajzar
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012-12-06
Pages: 344
Language: en
ISBN_13:9789401003490
ISBN_10:9401003491
Subject: Technology & Engineering

Long and Short Cases in Anesthesiology

جزئیات و درخواست

By Puneet Khanna, Abhishek Singh
Publisher: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2020-12-31
Pages: 616
Language: en
ISBN_13:9789389587241
ISBN_10:9389587247
Subject: Medical

Effects of Energetic Disorder on the Optoelectronic Properties of Organic Solar Cells

$Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is a promising low-cost and environmental-friendly technology currently achieving 12-14% power conversion efficiency. Despite the extensive focus of the research community over the last years, critical mechanisms defining the performance of OPVs are still topics of debate. While energetic disorder is known to be characteristic of organic semiconductors in general, its potential role in OPV has received surprisingly little attention. In this thesis we investigate some aspects of the relation between energetic disorder and several optoelectronic properties of OPV. Charge carrier mobility is a key parameter in characterizing the performance of organic semiconductors. Analyzing the temperature dependence of the mobility is also an oftenused method to obtain (estimates for) the energetic disorder in the HOMO and LUMO levels of an organic semiconductor material. Different formalisms to extract and analyze mobilities from space charge limited conductivity (SCLC) experiments are reviewed. Surprisingly, the Murgatroyd-Gill analytical model in combination with the Gaussian disorder model in the Boltzmann limit yields similar mobilities and energetic disorders as a more elaborate drift-diffusion model with parametrized mobility functionals. Common analysis and measurement errors are discussed. All the models are incorporated in an automated analysis freeware tool. The open circuit voltage (Voc) has attracted considerable interest as the large difference between Voc and the bandgap is the main loss mechanism in bulk heterojunction OPVs. Surprisingly, in ternary devices composed of two donors and one acceptor, the Voc is not pinned to the shallowest HOMO but demonstrates a continuous tunability between the binary extremities. We show that this phenomenon can be explained with an equilibrium model where Voc is defined as the splitting of the quasi-Fermi levels of the photo-created holes and electrons in a common density of states accounting for the stoichiometry, i.e. the ratio of the donor materials and the broadening by Gaussian disorder. Evaluating the PCE, it is found that ternary devices do not offer advantages over binary unless the fill factor (FF) is increased at intermediate compositions, as a result of improved transport/recombination upon material blending. Stressing the importance of material intermixing to improve the performance, we found that the presence of an acceptor may drastically alter the mobility and energetic disorder of the donor and vice versa. The effect of different acceptors was studied in a ternary onedonor- two-acceptors system, where the unpredictable variability with composition of the energetic disorder in the HOMO and the LUMO explained the almost linear tunability of Voc. Designing binary OPVs based on the design rule that the energetic disorder can be reduced upon material blending, as we observed, can yield a relative PCE improvement of at least 20%. CT states currently play a key role in evaluating the performance of OPVs and CTelectroluminescence (CT-EL) is assumed to stem from the recombination of thermalized electron-hole pairs. The varying width of the CT-EL peak for different material combinations is intuitively expected to reflect the energetic disorder of the effective HOMO and LUMO. We employ kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) CT-EL simulations, using independently measured disorder parameters as input, to calculate the ground-to-ground state (0-0) transition spectrum. Including the vibronic broadening according to the Franck Condon principle, we reproduce the width and current dependence of the measured CT-EL peak for a large number of donor-acceptor combinations. The fitted dominant phonon modes compare well with the values measured using the spectral line narrowing technique. Importantly, the calculations show that CT-EL originates from a narrow, non-thermalized subset of all available CT states, which can be understood by considering the kinetic microscopic process with which electron-hole pairs meet and recombine. Despite electron-hole pairs being strongly bound in organic materials, the charge separation process following photo-excitation is found to be extremely efficient and independent of the excitation energy. However, at low photon energies where the charges are excited deep in the tail of the DOS, it is intuitively expected for the extraction yield to be quenched. Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) experiments for different material systems show both inefficient and efficient charge dissociation for excitation close to the CT energy. This finding is explained by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations accounting for a varying degree of e-h delocalization, where strongly bound localized CT pairs (< 2nm distance) are doomed to recombine at low excitation energies while extended delocalization over 3-5nm yields an increased and energy-independent IQE. Using a single material parameter set, the experimental CT electroluminescence and absorption spectra are reproduced by the same kMC model by accounting for the vibronic progression of the calculated 0-0 transition. In contrast to CT-EL, CT-absorption probes the complete CT manifold. Charge transport in organic solar cells is currently modelled as either an equilibrium or a non-equilibrium process. The former is described by drift-diffusion (DD) equations, which can be calculated quickly but assume local thermal equilibrium of the charge carriers with the lattice. The latter is described by kMC models, that are time-consuming but treat the charge carriers individually and can probe all relevant time and energy scales. A hybrid model that makes use of the multiple trap and release (MTR) concept in combination with the DD equations is shown to describe both steady-state space charge limited conductivity experiments and non-equilibrium time-resolved transport experiments using a single parameter set. For the investigated simulations, the DD-MTR model is in good agreement with kMC and ~10 times faster. Steady-state mobilities from DD equations have been argued to be exclusively relevant for operating OPVs while charge carrier thermalization and non-equilibrium time-dependent mobilities (although acknowledged) can be disregarded. This conclusion, based on transient photocurrent experiments with ?s time resolution, is not complete. We show that non-equilibrium kMC simulations can describe the extraction of charge carriers from subps to 100 ?s timescales with a single parameter set. The majority of the fast charge carriers, mostly non-thermalized electrons, are extracted at time scales below the resolution of the experiment. In other words, the experiment resolves only the slower fraction of the charges, predominantly holes.$

جزئیات و درخواست

By Nikolaos Felekidis
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2018-09-10
Pages: 76
Language: en
ISBN_13:9789176852712
ISBN_10:9176852717

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