Radiation Problems Associated with the Handling of the Actinide Elements
Description:... The hazards connected with the handling of actinide elements are surveyed. Emphasis is placed on Thorium, Uranium, Neptunium, and Plutonium. It is pointed out that the chemical toxicity of the actinides is usually minor when compared with radiochemical toxicity. Inhalation and ingestion are the important routes of entry but direct injection into the blood stream through wounds also requires consideration. Special enclosures, such as glove boxes, function primarily to minimize the risk of inhalation and aid in confinement. The external hazard from actinide elements, primarily due to gamma and fast neutron emission, varies considerably with the element and its source. Irradiated actinides, such as Thorium and Plutonium, usually show an increase in the external hazard from gamma radiation with extent of irradiation.
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