Lipids
Structure and Function
Description:... Plant acyl lipids: structure, distribution, and analysis. Plant fatty acids. Complex acyl lipids. Distribution of acyl lipids. Age-related changes in the lipid composition of plant tissues. Methods for lipids analysis. Membrane lipids: structure and function. Membrane structure. Lipid dependency of purified membrane proteins. Temperature effects on lipid structure and membrane function. Membrane structure and phytochrome action. Degradation of acyl lipids: hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Lipolytic enzymes. Oxidative enzymes. The role of the glyoxylate cycle. The problem posed by the conversion of fat to carbohydrate. Elucidation of the glyoxylate cycle. Enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle in plants. Experiments with labeled acetate: confirmation of the pathway. Compartmentation of the glyoxylate cycle:the glyoxysome. Lipoxygenases. Distribution of lipoxygenases. Characterization of lipoxygenases. Assay methods. Mechanism of lipoxygenase reactions. Enzymatic conversions of lipoxygenase products. Nonenzymatic reactions of hydroperoxides. Physiological aspects of lipoxygenase. Biosynthesis of ethylene. Olefin-forming biochemical reactions. Conversion of methionine to ethylene in model systems. Methionine as a biochemical precursor of ethylene. Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids. Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Termination mechanisms. The biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. Structure of triacylglycerols. Accumulation of triacylglycerols in plant cells. The storage of oil in plant cells. Pathways for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in plants. Future trends. Phospholipid biosynthesis. Phospholipid composition of tissues and organelles. Fatty acid composition of phospholipids. Enzymatic steps of phospholipid biosynthesis. The use of intact tissue and labeled precursors for the study of phospholipid metabolism. Factor effecting changes in phospholipids. Turnover of phospholipids. Phospholipid-exchange systems. Organelles involved in membrane lipid biosynthesis. Phospholipid exchange in vitro. Phospholipid-exchange proteins (PLEP). Phospholipid exchange in vivo. Sulfolipids. Identification and characterization of diacylsulfoquinovosylglycerol. Occurrence and distribution of diacylsulfoquinovosylglycerol. Metabolism of diacylsulfoquinovosylglycerol. Possible functions of diacylsulfoquinovosylglycerol. Other sulfur-containing lipids. Plant galactolipids. Structure. Occurrence and distribution. Biological function. Biochemistry of terpenoides. Hemiterpenes (isoprene)(C5). Monoterpenes (C10). Sesquiterpenes (C15). Diterpenes (C20). Sesterterpenes (C25). Triterpenes (C30). Polyterpenes (C5)n. Prenols and prenyl side chains. Carotenoids. Structure and nomenclature. Chemistry. Distribution. Biosynthesis. Function. Biosynthesis of sterols. Cyclization of squalene. Alkylation reactions. Opening of the cyclopropane ring. Later stages. Transformations involving 24-methylene lophenol and 24-ethylidene lophenol. Sterol interconversions. Analytical data. Metabolism. Physiological obervations. Physical properties. Sterol derivatives in fungi. Biosysthesis of acetate-derived phenols (polyketides). Early considerations. Biosynthesis of phenols in fungi. Biosynthesis of phenolsi in higher plants.Modifications of assembly. Regulation of phenol systhesis in fungi. Assembly patterns. Cutin, suberin, and waxes. Chemistry of cutin, suberin, sporopollenin and waxes. Biosynthesis of waxes, cutin, and suberin. Degradation of waxes, cutin, and suberin. Function of cellular lipids. Biosynthesis of cyclic fatty acids. Cyclopropanoid and cyclopropenoide fatty acids. Cyclopentenyl fatty acids. Other cyclic fatty acids.
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